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Mitigation of global warming

2009-07-02T09:30:00.000-07:00

Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming. This is in distinction to adaptation to global warming which involves taking action to minimize the effects of global warming. Scientific consensus on global warming, together with the precautionary principle and the fear of abrupt climate change is leading to increased effort to develop new technologies and sciences and carefully manage others in an attempt to mitigate global warming.

The Stern Review identifies several ways of mitigating climate change. These include reducing demand for emissions-intensive goods and services, increasing efficiency gains, increasing use and development of low-carbon technologies, and reducing non-fossil fuel emissions.

The energy policy of the European Union has set a target of limiting the global temperature rise to 2 °C [3.6 °F] compared to preindustrial levels, of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5 °C is already committed. The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide concentration of 400-500 ppm by volume; the current level as of January 2007 is 383 ppm by volume, and rising at 2 ppm annually. Hence, to avoid a very likely breach of the 2 °C target, CO2 levels would have to be stabilized very soon; this is generally regarded as unlikely, based on current programs in place to date. The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is presently improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.

At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through reducing energy use and switching to cleaner energy sources. Frequently discussed energy conservation methods include increasing the fuel efficiency of vehicles (often through hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric cars and improving conventional automobiles), individual-lifestyle changes and changing business practices. Newly developed technologies and currently available technologies including renewable energy (such as solar power, tidal and ocean energy, geothermal power, and wind power) and more controversially nuclear power and the use of carbon sinks, carbon credits, and taxation are aimed more precisely at countering continued greenhouse gas emissions. More radical proposals include geoengineering techniques ranging from carbon sequestration projects such as carbon dioxide air capture, to solar radiation management schemes such as the creation of stratospheric sulfur aerosols. The ever-increasing global population and the planned growth of national GDPs based on current technologies are counter-productive to most of these proposals.

NET Framework

2009-07-02T09:29:00.000-07:00

The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.

The framework's Base Class Library provides a large range of features including user interface, data and data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. The class library is used by programmers, who combine it with their own code to produce applications.

Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment that manages the program's runtime requirements. Also part of the .NET Framework, this runtime environment is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides the appearance of an application virtual machine so that programmers need not consider the capabilities of the specific CPU that will execute the program. The CLR also provides other important services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.

Version 3.0 of the .NET Framework is included with Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. The current version of the framework can also be installed on Windows XP and the Windows Server 2003 family of operating systems. A reduced version of the .NET Framework is also available on Windows Mobile platforms, including smartphones as the .NET Compact Framework. Version 4.0 of the framework was released as a public Beta on 20 May 2009.

The intermediate CIL code is housed in .NET assemblies. As mandated by specification, assemblies are stored in the Portable Executable (PE) format, common on the Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files. The assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain the manifest, which has the metadata for the assembly. The complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with the filename on disk) contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and public key token. The public key token is a unique hash generated when the assembly is compiled, thus two assemblies with the same public key token are guaranteed to be identical from the point of view of the framework. A private key can also be specified known only to the creator of the assembly and can be used for strong naming and to guarantee that the assembly is from the same author when a new version of the assembly is compiled (required adding an assembly to the Global Assembly Cache).

Nanotechnology

2009-07-02T09:28:00.000-07:00

Nanotechnology, shortened to "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

There has been much debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials , and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10-9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.12-0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length.

To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.[4] Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.

A number of physical phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects, for example the “quantum size effect” where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes dominant when the nanometer size range is reached. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions at nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices with fast ion transport are generally referred to nanoionics. Novel mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.

Integrated development

2009-07-02T09:27:00.000-07:00

An integrated development environment (IDE) also known as integrated design environment or integrated debugging environment is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a: Source code editor, Compiler and/or interpreter, Build automation tools, Debugger. Ides are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tightly-knit components with similar user interfaces. This should mean that the programmer has much less mode switching to do than when using discrete development programs. However, because an IDE is by its very nature a complicated piece of software, this high productivity only occurs after a lengthy learning curve.

Typically an IDE is dedicated to a specific programming language, so as to provide a feature set which most closely matches the programming paradigms of the language. However, some multiple-language IDEs are in use, such as Eclipse, ActiveState Komodo, recent versions of NetBeans, Microsoft Visual Studio and WinDev.

IDEs typically present a single program in which all development is done. This program typically provides many features for authoring, modifying, compiling, deploying and debugging software. The aim is to abstract the configuration necessary to piece together command line utilities in a cohesive unit, which theoretically reduces the time to learn a language, and increases developer productivity. It is also thought that the tight integration of development tasks can further increase productivity. For example, code can be compiled while being written, providing instant feedback on syntax errors. While most modern IDEs are graphical, IDEs in use before the advent of windowing systems (such as Microsoft Windows or X11) were text-based, using function keys or hotkeys to perform various tasks (Turbo Pascal is a common example). This contrasts with software development using unrelated tools, such as vi, GCC or make.

IDEs initially became necessary when developing via a console or terminal. Early languages did not have one, since they were prepared using flowcharts, coding before being submitted to a compiler. Dartmouth BASIC was the first language to be created with an IDE (and was also the first to be designed for use while sitting in front of a console or terminal). Its IDE (part of the Dartmouth Time Sharing System) was command-based, and therefore did not look much like the menu-driven, graphical IDEs prevalent today. However it integrated editing, file management, compilation, debugging and execution in a manner consistent with a modern IDE.

Microcontroller

2009-07-02T09:26:00.000-07:00

A microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU or µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog, serial and analog I/O etc. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a, typically small, read/write memory.

Microcontrollers are designed for small applications. Thus, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers and other high-performance applications, simplicity is emphasized. Some microcontrollers may operate at clock frequencies as low as 32kHz, as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.

The majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.

It is mandatory that microcontrollers provide real time response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR). The ISR will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery operated devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.

Marketing Dominance:

2009-07-02T09:24:00.000-07:00

Market dominance is a measure of the strength of a brand, product, service, or firm, relative to competitive offerings. There is often a geographic element to the competitive landscape. In defining market dominance, you must see to what extent a product, brand, or firm controls a product category in a given geographic area.
Calculating

There are several ways of calculating market dominance. The most direct is market share. This is the percentage of the total market serviced by a firm or brand. A declining scale of market shares is common in most industries: that is, if the industry leader has say 50% share, the next largest might have 25% share, the next 12% share, the next 6% share, and all remaining firms combined might have 7% share.

Market share is not a perfect proxy of market dominance. The influences of customers, suppliers, competitors in related industries, and government regulations must be taken into account. Although there are no hard and fast rules governing the relationship between market share and market dominance, the following are general criteria:
A company, brand, product, or service that has a combined market share exceeding 60% most probably has market power and market dominance.
A market share of over 35% but less than 60%, held by one brand, product or service, is an indicator of market strength but not necessarily dominance.
A market share of less than 35%, held by one brand, product or service, is not an indicator of strength or dominance and will not raise anti-combines concerns of government regulators.

Market shares within an industry might not exhibit a declining scale. There could be only two firms in a duopolistic market, each with 50% share; or there could be three firms in the industry each with 33% share; or 100 firms each with 1% share. The concentration ratio of an industry is used as an indicator of the relative size of leading firms in relation to the industry as a whole. One commonly used concentration ratio is the four-firm concentration ratio, which consists of the combined market share of the four largest firms, as a percentage, in the total industry. The higher the concentration ratio, the greater the market power of the leading firms.

Financial Crisis:

2009-07-02T09:22:00.001-07:00

Banking crises
When a bank suffers a sudden rush of withdrawals by depositors, this is called a bank run. Since banks lend out most of the cash they receive in deposits (see fractional-reserve banking), it is difficult for them to quickly pay back all deposits if these are suddenly demanded, so a run may leave the bank in bankruptcy, causing many depositors to lose their savings unless they are covered by deposit insurance. A situation in which bank runs are widespread is called a systemic banking crisis or just a banking panic. A situation without widespread bank runs, but in which banks are reluctant to lend, because they worry that they have insufficient funds available, is often called a credit crunch. In this way, the banks become an accelerator of a financial crisis.

Examples of bank runs include the run on the Bank of the United States in 1931 and the run on Northern Rock in 2007. The collapse of Bear Stearns in 2008 has also sometimes been called a bank run, even though Bear Stearns was an investment bank rather than a commercial bank. The U.S. savings and loan crisis of the 1980s led to a credit crunch which is seen as a major factor in the U.S. recession of 1990-91.

Speculative bubbles and crashes
Economists say that a financial asset (stock, for example) exhibits a bubble when its price exceeds the present value of the future income (such as interest or dividends) that would be received by owning it to maturity. If most market participants buy the asset primarily in hopes of selling it later at a higher price, instead of buying it for the income it will generate, this could be evidence that a bubble is present. If there is a bubble, there is also a risk of a crash in asset prices: market participants will go on buying only as long as they expect others to buy, and when many decide to sell the price will fall. However, it is difficult to tell in practice whether an asset's price actually equals its fundamental value, so it is hard to detect bubbles reliably. Some economists insist that bubbles never or almost never occur.

Well-known examples of bubbles (or purported bubbles) and crashes in stock prices and other asset prices include the Dutch tulip mania, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Japanese property bubble of the 1980s, the crash of the dot-com bubble in 2000-2001, and the now-deflating United States housing bubble.

Advertising:

2009-07-01T16:44:00.000-07:00

Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. “While now central to the contemporary global economy and the reproduction of global production networks, it is only quite recently that advertising has been more than a marginal influence on patterns of sales and production. The formation of modern advertising was intimately bound up with the emergence of new forms of monopoly capitalism around the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century as one element in corporate strategies to create, organize and where possible control markets, especially for mass produced consumer goods. Mass production necessitated mass consumption, and

Organizations that frequently spend large sums of money on advertising that sells what is not, strictly speaking, a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations, and military recruiters. Non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients, and may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as public service announcements.Money spent on advertising has increased dramatically in recent years. In 2007, spending on advertising has been estimated at over $150 billion in the United States and $385 billion worldwide, and the latter to exceed $450 billion by 2010.

While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.

Economic Development:

2009-07-01T16:42:00.000-07:00

'Economic development' or 'development' is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other terms people have used when discussing economic development. Although no one is sure when the concept originated, most people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism."

Among other things, the contemporary social scientific study of economic development encompasses broad theories of the causes of industrial-economic modernization plus organizational and related aspects of enterprise development in modern societies. It embraces sociological-type research relating to business organization and enterprise development from a historical and comparative perspective; specific processes of the evolution (growth, modernization) of markets and management-employee relations; and culturally related cross-national similarities and differences in patterns of industrial organization in contemporary Western societies. On the subject of the nature and causes of the considerable variations that exist in levels of industrial-economic growth and performance internationally, it seeks answers to such questions as: "Why are levels of direct foreign investment and labor productivity significantly higher in some countries than in others?"

Economic Growth vs. Economic Development

Economic development refers to social and technological progress. Economic growth is often assumed to indicate the level of economic development. The term "economic growth" refers to the increase (or growth) of a specific measure such as real national income, gross domestic product, or per capita income. National income or product is commonly expressed in terms of a measure of the aggregate value-added output of the domestic economy called gross domestic product (GDP). When the GDP of a nation rises economists refer to it as economic growth.

The term economic development on the other hand, implies much more. It typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. Economic growth of any specific measure is not a sufficient definition of economic development.

Online sales Assistant:

2009-07-01T16:40:00.000-07:00

We are looking for a bright star who has experience in online marketing and who can use their skills to contribute to the growth in online sales. This is a challenging and rewarding role for someone who is commercial, analytical and personable and who wants the opportunity to gain experience in an established, fast growing business.

MarketingYou will work with the Marketing Manager and be involved in SEO activity, PPC campaigns, viral marketing, e-newsletters, and tactical PR and news management, as well as the development and improvement of our site layout and landing page content.You will also get involved in branding and events, CRM and their communications strategy.

Sales:
You will work with the B2B Account Manager and be involved in account setup, processing customer orders, order fulfillment and customer service.Reporting:
You will be required to report, analyze and forecast future online salesEssential Skills/Experience:You will need to have a minimum of 1 years B2B experience in an internet marketing focused role. You will have a working understanding of most of the following: SEO, PPC, Viral Marketing, e-Newsletters, Tactical PR, CRM, Email Marketing etc

Desirable Skills/Experience:
An understanding of how to use Dreamweaver and Photoshop
Able to work on own initiative and able to prioritize workload.
Able to work as part of a team with strong interpersonal skills.

Online Financial Business:

2009-07-01T16:39:00.001-07:00

Aplicor Financial Services CRM Software Edition helps some of the largest commercial and retail banks, investment bankers, asset managers and insurance companies manage and automate front to back office processes so that staff are freed to focus on core activities such as increasing customer share, growing assets under management, creating wealth, ensuring regulatory compliance and expanding customer relationships.

The Financial Services CRM software edition delivers a pre-built industry specific on-demand solution to achieve key competitive advantages:
Make use of a 360 degree holistic customer view at every customer touch point to identify renewal processing, complimentary solutions, financial product promotions, cross-selling and up-selling opportunities, and other value added recommendations
Integrate better customer and household information with line of business financial products and customer portfolios in order to succeed in converting more referrals, growing customer share and increasing customer longevity
Leverage proven selling methodologies, systemic sales processes and a searchable library of best practices to increase sales conversion rates, sales person quota achievement and predictable revenue growth

Financial Services CRM provides at-a-glance viewing of the complete customer relationship along with insight into the customers portfolio, history, household, objectives, risk tolerance and interests. Centralized book of business and customer information enables staff to provide proactive product and policy management, easily create new quotes, automate renewal processes, grow the customer relationship and increase customer share.

Customer knowledge provides the single-greatest path to profitable organic growth in the financial services industry. The Financial Services Edition provides complete front-to-back office client information in a centralized 360 degree customer view. With one integrated system, staff views all client marketing interactions, sales communications, customer support incident history, client contacts and preferences, client documentation, complete purchasing history and outstanding sales and receivables information.

Telemarketing Call Centers

2009-07-01T16:37:00.001-07:00

We’ve all heard jokes about telemarketers – from the calls during dinner to the “funny” things to say in response – but working in a call center can actually be a viable way to make a living if you enjoy speaking with people and providing good customer service. Today, many business owners feel that it’s important to try to reach new customers by phone. Therefore, finding a job with a telemarketing call center isn’t all that difficult. Working in the field, you’ll find that you experience many of the same issues as employees in other types of call centers.

In general, when you begin working as a telemarketer, you’ll be provided with a list of names, telephone numbers and a pre-written script to follow. Your objective will be to make direct contact with an individual and then try to sell them a product or service. Unfortunately, most people will tell you they aren’t interested in your product or hang up on you as soon as they figure out you are a telemarketer. In most cases, that happens as soon as you tell them your name and the company you represent – if you don’t deal well with rejection, seek another line of work.

Because telemarketers are often viewed as a nuisance, many consumers registered their phone numbers with the Do Not Call Registry. If you’re a telemarketer, you aren’t allowed to call individuals on this list. If you try to call an individual on this list and they determine that you’re a telemarketer, you may have to pay fines and penalties or be subject to investigation by law enforcement authorities.

Even though you may find a number of positions related to telemarketing, it’s not always an easy job. In particular, if you’re offered payment based on sales, you may find that it’ll take a huge amount of calls to attain any kind of success. On the other hand, as a telemarketer, you’ll gain experience dealing with many different kinds of people and communication behaviors, all while earning a healthy income.

Database management system:-

2009-07-01T16:34:00.000-07:00

A database management system (DBMS) is computer software that manages databases. DBMSes may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.
A DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according to their data structures or types. It is a set of prewritten programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a Database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system.

Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.

Database servers are computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. Sometimes DBMSs are built around a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system.

Computer-aided design:-

2009-07-01T16:33:00.000-07:00

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of objects, real or virtual. The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).

However CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD often must convey also symbolic information such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional ("2D") space; or curves, surfaces, or solids in three-dimensional ("3D") objects.

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising, technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by shipbuilders of 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.
Current Computer-Aided Design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting.

CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories).CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components.

Earn From Home Using Computer:-

2009-07-01T16:32:00.000-07:00

Working from home with paid surveys is a wonderful way to earn some extra money but there is some basic information that you need to know before you enter this world. The first question on a lot of peoples mind is what are paid surveys? Major companies hire marketing people to find people like you and me.
Can you find real work at home? Even though are economy is not in a good place and the current state of affairs in the corporate world is not any better, there are ways to earn era money and that is to find real work at home. Working at Home has become very popular.

Do you have a son or daughter that is in college and needs to earn some extra money? How about having that child earn money working online since kids these days are always on the internet with applications like Face book, MySpace and other social platforms? Most young college students don’t see the huge potential to work.
Do you dream of your own money making business that's much better than a real job? Are you serious about earning money from home? Do you really want to work on your own terms and control your own life? We're here to help make your dreams a reality! Real people have used this site for years and continue to be floored by how successful they've become.

Search engine optimization:-

2009-07-01T16:31:00.000-07:00

Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume or quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Typically, the earlier a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines. This gives a web site web presence.

As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines.

The acronym "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.

Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or Spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.

Social Media Optimization:-

2009-07-01T16:30:00.000-07:00

Social media optimization (SMO) is a set of methods for generating publicity through social media, online communities and community websites. Methods of SMO include adding RSS feeds, social news buttons, blogging, and incorporating third-party community functionalities like images and videos. Social media optimization is related to search engine marketing, but differs in several ways, primarily the focus on driving traffic from sources other than search engines, though improved search ranking is also a benefit of successful SMO.
Social media optimization is in many ways connected as a technique to viral marketing where word of mouth is created not through friends or family but through the use of networking in social bookmaking, video and photo sharing websites. In a similar way the engagement with blogs achieves the same by sharing content through the use of RSS in the blogosphere and special blog search engines.
Social Media optimization is considered an integral part of an online reputation management (ORM) or Search Engine Reputation Management (SERM) strategy for organizations or individuals who care about their online presence.
Template: Business Strategy Social Media Optimization (SMO) is not limited to marketing and brand building. Increasingly smart businesses are integrating social media participation as part of their knowledge management strategy (i.e. product/service development, recruiting, employee engagement and turnover, brand building, customer satisfaction and relations, business development and more).

Internet creative and technical:-

2009-07-01T16:28:00.000-07:00

Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sale.
Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008 The New York Times working with COM Score published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month.
One-to-one approach
The targeted user is typically browsing the Internet alone, so the marketing messages can reach them personally. This approach is used in search marketing, where the advertisements are based on search engine keywords entered by the user. And now with the advent of Web 2.0 tools, many users can interconnect as "peers."

Internet Marketing:-

2009-07-01T16:27:00.000-07:00

Internet marketing, also referred to as i-marketing, web marketing, online marketing, or marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet.
The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing, one of which being lower costs for the distribution of information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of providing instant response and eliciting responses, is a unique quality of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope because it not only refers to digital media such as the Internet, e-mail, and wireless media; however, Internet marketing also includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.

Brand Architecture:-

2009-07-01T16:26:00.000-07:00

The different brands owned by a company are related to each other via brand architecture. In "product brand architecture", the company supports many different product brands with each having its own name and style of expression while the company itself remains invisible to consumers. Procter & Gamble, considered by many to have created product branding, is a choice example with its many unrelated consumer brands such as Tide, Pampers, Ivory and Pantene.

With "endorsed brand architecture", a mother brand is tied to product brands, such as The Courtyard Hotels (product brand name) by Marriott (mother brand name). Endorsed brands benefit from the standing of their mother brand and thus save a company some marketing expense by virtue promoting all the linked brands whenever the mother brand is advertised.

The third model of brand architecture is most commonly referred to as "corporate branding". The mother brand is used and all products carry this name and all advertising speaks with the same voice. A good example of this brand architecture is the UK-based conglomerate Virgin. Virgin brands all its businesses with its name (e.g., Virgin Mega store, Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Brides) and uses one style and logo to support each of them.

Types of brands

2009-07-01T16:25:00.000-07:00

A number of different types of brands are recognized. A "premium brand" typically costs more than other products in the same category. An "economy brand" is a brand targeted to a high price elasticity market segment. A "fighting brand" is a brand created specifically to counter a competitive threat. When a company's name is used as a product brand name, this is referred to as corporate branding. When one brand name is used for several related products, this is referred to as family branding. When all a company's products are given different brand names, this is referred to as individual branding. When a company uses the brand equity associated with an existing brand name to introduce a new product or product line, this is referred to as "brand extension.

" When large retailers buy products in bulk from manufacturers and put their own brand name on them, this is called private branding, store brand, white labeling, private label or own brand (UK). Private brands can be differentiated from "manufacturers' brands" (also referred to as "national brands"). When different brands work together to market their products, this is referred to as "co-branding". When a company sells the rights to use a brand name to another company for use on a non-competing product or in another geographical area, this is referred to as "brand licensing." An "employment brand" is created when a company wants to build awareness with potential candidates. In many cases, such as Google, this brand is an integrated extension of their customer.

Brand Management:-

2009-07-01T16:24:00.000-07:00

Brand management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand. It seeks to increase the product's perceived value to the customer and thereby increase brand franchise and brand equity. Marketers see a brand as an implied promise that the level of quality people have come to expect from a brand will continue with future purchases of the same product. This may increase sales by making a comparison with competing products more favorable. It may also enable the manufacturer to charge more for the product. The value of the brand is determined by the amount of profit it generates for the manufacturer.

This can result from a combination of increased sales and increased price, and/or reduced COGS (cost of goods sold), and/or reduced or more efficient marketing investment. All of these enhancements may improve the profitability of a brand, and thus, "Brand Managers" often carry line-management accountability for a brand's P&L (Profit and Loss) profitability, in contrast to marketing staff manager roles, which are allocated budgets from above, to manage and execute. In this regard, Brand Management is often viewed in organizations as a broader and more strategic role than Marketing alone.

he annual list of the world’s most valuable brands, published by Interbrand and Business Week, indicates that the market value of companies often consists largely of brand equity. Research by McKinsey & Company, a global consulting firm, in 2000 suggested that strong, well-leveraged brands produce higher returns to shareholders than weaker, narrower brands. Taken together, this means that brands seriously impact shareholder value, which ultimately makes branding a CEO responsibility.

Earn By Online Survey:-

2009-07-01T16:22:00.000-07:00

People can earn money as survey takers online; the problem is often it isn’t very much. Surveys individually are fairly low paying so you’d have to take an awful lot of them and there aren’t always surveys available to take. It is this inconsistency that many people report as being the reason they failed to make a work from home job out of survey taking. However, for experienced business people and those going into business for the first time, an Internet Consultancy franchise with WSI is the ideal option for home based work. The benefits of having a professional team of experts behind the businessperson

It’s not necessary to have any previous technical experience. WSI has become a leading worldwide franchising opportunity by developing an extensive training program that will The reputation of WSI speaks for itself. Entrepreneur has consistently ranked WSI first in the worldwide internet franchising category. With 1500 franchisees operating around the world, we’ve grown and developed a unique business strategy and methods of operation that are designed to help you quickly start a profitable, sustainable business.

WSI has evolved a series of Business Solutions that are developed in one of our 12 production centers located in key, low-cost, yet technologically developed areas around the world. Your role will be to determine which of our solutions is the best fit is for your client by conducting an internet business analysis. In this manner you’ll be able to help businesses reduce costs and become more profitable. By working with small and medium-sized companies in your area you’ll be able to see firsthand the positive results of your successful franchise!

Online Banking Foreign exchange Jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:20:00.000-07:00

In 2007, India's GDP was $1.237 trillion, which makes it the twelfth-largest economy in the world or fourth largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. India's nominal per capita income of $1043 is ranked 136th in the world. In the late 2000s, India's growth has averaged 7.5% a year, increases which will double the average income within a decade. Unemployment rate is 7% (2008 estimate). Previously a closed economy, India's trade has grown fast.[ India currently accounts for 1.5% of World trade as of 2007 according to the WTO. According to the World Trade Statistics of the WTO in 2006, India's total merchandise trade (counting exports and imports) was valued at $294 billion in 2006 and India's services trade inclusive of export and import was $143 billion. Thus, India's global economic engagement in 2006 covering both merchandise and services trade was of the order of $437 billion, up by a record 72% from a level of $253 billion in 2004. India's trade has reached a still relatively moderate share 24% of GDP in 2006, up from 6% in 1985.

Despite robust economic growth, India continues to face several major problems. The recent economic development has widened the economic inequality across the country. Despite sustained high economic growth rate, approximately 80% of its population lives on less than $2 a day (PPP), more than double the same poverty rate in China. Even though the arrival of Green Revolution brought end to famines in India, 40% of children under the age of three are underweight and a third of all men and women suffer from economic crisis.

Online Banking Jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:19:00.000-07:00

The economy of India is the twelfth largest in the world by market exchange rates and the fourth largest in the world by GDP measured on purchasing power parity (PPP) basis.

The country was under socialist-based policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the 1980s. The economy was characterized by extensive regulation, protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow growth. Since 1991, continuing economic liberalization has moved the economy towards a market-based system. By 2009, India had prominently established itself as the world's second-fastest growing major economy.

Agriculture is the predominant occupation in India, accounting for about 60% of employment. The service sector makes up a further 28% and industrial sector around 12%. One estimate says that only one in five job-seekers have had any sort of vocational training. The labor force totals half a billion workers. For output, the agricultural sector accounts for 17% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 29% respectively. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry and fish. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery and software design.

Data Entry Jobs How it Works:-

2009-07-01T16:18:00.002-07:00

Once you become a DataEntryPortal.com member, you will have exclusive access to legitimate data entry opportunities via the Members Only Portal. You will be in control of which companies you want to work with and they will pay you directly via direct Deposit. Earnings are paid weekly and can be sent anywhere in the world. All that is required is a computer and access to the Internet and you can start making a significant income.
We update the Members Only Portal regularly with new information and send email notifications to all members with important updates. This will allow you to continumaking money for as long as you like All data is provided! Most forms are 1 - 3 pages and take only minutes to complete! You do not need any special software or hardware! Start earning immediately!

Work whenever and wherever you want. Full time and part time workers are needed worldwide and you can work as much or as little as you like. There are no minimum or maximum restrictions so you can work 1 day per month or every day. The more data you enter, the more money you make!

Data Entry Jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:18:00.001-07:00

DataEntryPortal.com is the leading online data entry referral service. Through our network of TRUSTED partners, you can be confident that the opportunities are legitimate. Our goal is to provide our members with the most accurate and up-to-date information about online "work from home" data entry companies and help you avoid the scams. We are not a data entry company and do not solicit data entry workers. You will have access to both free and fee based opportunities around the world!Our members save time and money with the information provided in the Members Only Portal. We have helped thousands of online data entry workers find real data entry opportunities and start making good money working from home

BPO Jobs In Mumbai:-

2009-07-01T16:17:00.001-07:00

A company may be able to grow at a faster pace as it will be less constrained by large capital expenditures for people or equipment that may take years to amortize, may become outdated or turn out to be a poor match for the company over time.
Although the above-mentioned arguments favor the view that BPO increases the flexibility of organizations, management needs to be careful with the implementation of it as there are a few stumbling blocks, which could counter these advantages. Among problems, which arise in practice are: A failure to meet service levels, unclear contractual issues, changing requirements and unforeseen charges, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. Consequently, these challenges need to be considered before a company decides to engage in business process outsourcing.
A further issue is that in many cases there is little that differentiates the BPO providers other than size. They often provide similar services, have similar geographic footprints, leverage similar technology stacks, and have similar Quality Improvement approaches.

BPO Jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:16:00.001-07:00

One of the most important advantages of BPO is the way in which it helps to increase a company’s flexibility. However, several sources have different ways in which they perceive organizational flexibility. Therefore business process outsourcing enhances the flexibility of an organization in different ways.
Most services provided by BPO vendors are offered on a fee-for-service basis. This helps a company becoming more flexible by transforming fixed into variable costs. A variable cost structure helps a company responding to changes in required capacity and does not require a company to invest in assets, hereby making the company more flexible. Outsourcing may provide a firm with increased flexibility in its resource management and may reduce response times to major environmental changes..
A third way in which BPO increases organizational flexibility is by increasing the speed of business processes. Using techniques such as linear programming can reduce cycle time and inventory levels, which can increase efficiency and cut costs. Supply chain management with the effective use of supply chain partners and business process outsourcing increases the speed of several business processes, such as the throughput in the case of a manufacturing company.

Apply Online Jobs Now:-

2009-07-01T16:15:00.001-07:00

Start registering with those online job providing sites. There are around thousand sites providing these types of online money making opportunities. Registration is totally free with them. But selecting the genuine sites to work with will not be an easy task for you at this stage because it needs lot of payment analysis and updating on regular basis.

Keep in mind that there are several scam sites available on the internet in which you will never be paid for your hard work. They are total waste of your time and money. We after doing all those scrutiny for you have a large database of real online jobs which are very genuine in payment and also help you to earn money at home with no investment.

Online Computer jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:14:00.000-07:00

Hundreds of advertising websites are ready to pay you for your online work. Advertisers display their product in the advertising companies’ websites and you will be paid for viewing on these online displays. And sometimes you need to share your opinion about their products honestly.
The startling fact is that you need not purchase or sell anything from them. Just sit! Just watch! Just answer! And get paid handsomely! Even a child too can do this kind of work. We know that by this time you would have realized that making money through online jobs is as easy as a cakewalk.

Online Tuition jobs:-

2009-07-01T16:12:00.000-07:00

Aim-for-A Tutoring is looking for part-time and full-time tutors to provide online tutoring services to students worldwide. If you have a mastery of ANY subject, we would like to hear from you! You may be located anywhere in the world; if you have a computer with a broadband Internet connection, you can now be part of the revolution iteaching & learning. Method of tutoring The tutoring will be provided online using audio and data conferencing. Prospective tutors must have access to the following:
A personal computer with a broad band Internet access Computer speakers and a microphone Internet telephone software Skype
For some subjects, a digital tablet & pen mouse is highly recommended (details will be provided to you) The tutoring will also use a shared white board software that would be made available for free. Instructions for obtaining and installing the required software will be provided prior to the tutoring session. Tutoring Subjects & Goals Math, Science, English Language Arts, or any other subject Elementary, Middle, High School, and College Level, as well as general interest topics Homework help

Cryptography:-

2009-07-01T16:11:00.001-07:00

Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek krypton, "hidden, secret"; and graph, "I write", -logia, respectively) is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering. Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords and electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography.
Before the modern era, cryptography was concerned solely with message confidentiality (i.e., encryption) — conversion of messages from a comprehensible form into an incomprehensible one and back again at the other end, rendering it unreadable by interceptors or eavesdroppers without secret knowledge (namely the key needed for decryption of that message). In recent decades, the field has expanded beyond confidentiality concerns to include techniques for message integrity checking, sender/receiver identity authentication, digital signatures, and interactive proofs and secure computation, among others.
The earliest forms of secret writing required little more than local pen and paper analogs, as most people could not read. More literacy, or opponent literacy, required actual cryptography. The main classical cipher types are transposition ciphers, which rearrange the order of letters in a message (e.g., 'hello world' becomes 'ehlol owrdl' in a trivially simple rearrangement scheme), and substitution ciphers, which systematically replace letters or groups of letters with other letters or groups of letters (e.g., 'fly at once' becomes by replacing each letter with the one following it in the English alphabet). Simple versions of either offered little confidentiality from enterprising opponents, and still don't. An early substitution cipher was the Caesar cipher, in which each letter in the plaintext was replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions further down the alphabet. It was named after Julius Caesar who is reported to have used it, with a shift of 3, to communicate with his generals during his military campaigns, just like EXCESS-3 code in Boolean algebra.
Encryption attempts to ensure secrecy in communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats. There is record of several early Hebrew ciphers as well. Cryptography is recommended in the Kama Sutra as a way for lovers to communicate without inconvenient discovery. Steganography (i.e., hiding even the existence of a message so as to keep it confidential) was also first developed in ancient times. An early example, from Herodotus, concealed a message - a tattoo on a slave's shaved head - under the regrown hair. More modern examples of steganography include the use of invisible ink, microdots, and digital watermarks to conceal information.

Visual communication:-

2009-07-01T16:10:00.001-07:00

Visual communication as the name suggests is communication through visual aid. It is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and electronic resources. It solely relies on vision. It is form of communication with visual effect. It explores the idea that a visual message with text has a greater power to inform, educate or persuade a person. It is communication by presenting information through Visual form.
The evaluation of a good visual design is based on measuring comprehension by the audience, not on aesthetic or artistic preference. There are no universally agreed-upon principles of beauty and ugliness. There exists a variety of ways to present information visually, like gestures, body languages, video and TV. Here, focus is on the presentation of text, pictures, diagrams, photos, et cetera, integrated on a computer display. The term visual presentation is used to refer to the actual presentation of information. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. Graphic designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice.

Visual communication on the World Wide Web is perhaps the most important form of communication taking place when users are surfing the Internet. When experiencing the web, one uses the eyes as the primary sense and therefore the visual dísplay of a website is important for the users understanding of the communication taking place.

Visual communication by e-mail, a textual medium, is commonly approximated with ASCII art, emoticons, and embedded digital images.

Computer worm:-

2009-07-01T16:09:00.001-07:00

A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or devour files on a targeted computer.
Many worms that have been created are only designed to spread, and don't attempt to alter the systems they pass through. However, as the Morris worm and My doom showed, the network traffic and other unintended effects can often cause major disruption. A "payload" is code designed to do more than spread the worm - it might delete files on a host system (e.g., the Explore Zip worm), encrypt files in a crypto viral extortion attack, or send documents via e-mail. A very common payload for worms is to install a backdoor in the infected computer to allow the creation of a "zombie" computer under control of the worm author - So big and My doom are examples which created zombies. Networks of such machines are often referred to as botnets and are very commonly used by spam senders for sending junk email or to cloak their website's address. Spammers are therefore thought to be a source of funding for the creation of such worms, and the worm writers have been caught selling lists of IP addresses of infected machines. Others try to blackmail companies with threatened DoS attacks.

Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC there have been attempts to create useful worms. The Nachi family of worms, for example, tried to download and install patches from Microsoft's website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system – by exploiting those same vulnerabilities. In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computer's owner or user.

Some worms, such as XSS worms, have been written for research to determine the factors of how worms spread, such as social activity and change in user behavior, while other worms are little more than a prank, such as one that sends the popular image macro of an owl with the phrase "O RLY?" to a print queue in the infected computer.

Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. All vendors supply regular security updates, and if these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vendor acknowledges vulnerability, but has yet to release a security update to patch it, a zero day exploit is possible. However, these are relatively rare.

Antivirus software:-

2009-07-01T16:07:00.000-07:00

Antivirus (or anti-virus) software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Such programs may also prevent and remove adware, spyware, and other forms of malware.
A variety of strategies are typically employed. Signature-based detection involves searching for known malicious patterns in executable code. However, it is possible for a user to be infected with new malware in which no signature exists yet. To counter such so called zero-day threats, heuristics can be used. One type of heuristic approach, generic signatures, can identify new viruses or variants of existing viruses for looking for known malicious code (or slight variations of such code) in files. Some antivirus software can also predict what a file will do if opened/run by emulating it in a sandbox and analyzing what it does to see if it performs any malicious actions. If it does, this could mean the file is malicious.

However, no matter how useful antivirus software is, it can sometimes have drawbacks. Antivirus software can degrade computer performance if it is not designed efficiently. Inexperienced users may have trouble understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection (of any kind), the success of it is going to depend on whether it achieves the right balance between false positives and false negatives. False positives can be as destructive as false negatives. In one case, a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs unable to boot. Finally, antivirus software generally runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system, creating a potential avenue of attack.
An emerging technique to deal with malware in general is white listing. Rather than looking for only known bad software, this technique prevents execution of all computer code except that which has been previously identified as trustworthy by the system administrator. By following this "default deny" approach, the limitations inherent in keeping virus signatures up to date are avoided. Additionally, computer applications that are unwanted by the system administrator are prevented from executing since they are not on the white list. Since organizations often have large quantities of trusted applications, the limitations of adopting this technique rest with the system administrators' ability to properly inventory and maintain the white list of trusted applications. Viable implementations of this technique include tools for automating the inventory and white list maintenance processes.

Digital camera:-

2009-07-01T16:06:00.000-07:00

A digital camera (or dig cam for short) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via electronic image sensor. Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. In the Western market, digital cameras outsell their 35 mm film counterparts.
Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras.
Compact cameras are designed to be small and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" use, thus are also called point-and-shoot camera. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts". Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using loss compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. They may have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability, but if they have zoom capability the range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. They have a greater depth of field, allowing objects within a large range of distances from the camera to be in sharp focus.
Bridge cameras often have super zoom lenses which provide a very wide zoom range, typically between 10:1 and 18:1, which is attained at the cost of some distortions, including barrel and pincushion distortion, to a degree which varies with lens quality. These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the mirror and reflex system of DSLRs, have so far been fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although in some cases accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters can be attached to the lens), can usually take movies with sound, and the scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). They are usually slower to operate than a true digital SLR, but they are capable of very good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. The high-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in lossless RAW format as an option to JPEG compression. The majority have a built-in flash, often a unit which flips up over the lens. The guide number tends to be between 11 and 15.

Memory card:-

2009-07-01T16:05:00.000-07:00

A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data storage device capable of storing digital contents. These are mainly used with digital cameras, handheld and Mobile computers, mobile phones, music players, video game consoles, and other electronics. They offer high re-record-ability, power-free storage, small form factor, and rugged environmental specifications. There are also non-solid-state memory cards that do not use flash memory, and there are different types of flash memory.
There are many different types of memory cards and jobs they are used for. Some common places include in digital cameras, game consoles, cell phones, and industrial applications. PC card (PCMCIA) were among first commercial memory card formats (type I cards) to come out in the 1990s, but are now only mainly used in industrial applications and for I/O jobs (using types I/II/III), as a connection standard for devices (such as a modem). Also in 1990s, a number of memory card formats smaller than PC Card came out, including Compact Flash, Smart Media, and Miniature Card. In other areas, tiny embedded memory cards (SID) were used in cell phones, game consoles started using proprietary memory card formats, and devices like PDAs and digital music players started using removable memory cards.
From the late 1990s into the early 2000s a host of new formats appeared, including SD/MMC, Memory Stick, xD-Picture Card, and a number of variants and smaller cards. The desire for ultra-small cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend toward smaller cards that left the previous generation of "compact" cards looking big. In digital cameras Smart Media and Compact Flash had been very successful, in 2001 SM alone captured 50% of the digital camera market and CF had a strangle hold on professional digital cameras.
By 2005 however, SD/MMC had nearly taken over Smart Media’s spot, though not to the same level and with stiff competition coming from Memory Stick variants, XD, as well as Compact Flash. In industrial fields, even the venerable PC card (PCMCIA) memory cards still manage to maintain a niche, while in cell-phones and PDAs, the memory card market is highly fragmented.

CD Walkman:-

2009-07-01T16:04:00.000-07:00

The first CD based Walkman was initially launched in 1984 — the D-50 (D-5 in some markets). It was officially called the 'Discman', and this name has since been used informally to refer to such players. In recent years, Sony has dropped the Discman name and markets all its personal stereos under the Walkman brand.
Later Discman models featured ESP (Electronic Skip Protection), which pre-read the music from the CD into on-board memory and formed a type of buffer to prevent the CD skipping when the player was moved. The technology was since renamed 'G-Protection' and features a larger memory area, providing additional protection against skipping.
Sony still makes CD Walkmans — the newer models are capable of playing ATRAC3, ATRAC3plus, and MP3 CDs, and have become progressively thinner and more compact with each revision. Minidiscs come in a plastic caddy protecting the disc's surface from dust and scratches. Minidisc Walkmans are able to play and record Minidiscs from digital and analogue sources, such as live audio from their microphone inputs. The first unit on the market, the MZ-1 was relatively large and unpocketable, but following model, MZ-R2, and subsequent MD Walkmans are quite compact, with today's Minidisc Walkmans not much larger than the discs themselves.
Gradual improvements were made to Minidisc Walkmans through the years. The addition of MDLP (Minidisc Long Play) codec allowed up to 4 times the amount of music to be stored on one Minidisc, at the sacrifice of some sound quality. NetMD followed. In 2004, Hi-MD was introduced, enabling computer files as well as CD-quality audio to be recorded on the discs for the first time. By 2005, Sony had relaxed the restrictions in its Sonic Stage software to allow unrestricted digital transfers to and from Hi-MD and the computer.

Wireless headsets:-

2009-07-01T16:03:00.000-07:00

Wireless headsets are quickly becoming a new trend for both business and consumer communications. There are a number of solutions for wireless, and they usually differ according to application and power-managementDECT wireless headseDECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication] is one the most common standards for cordless telephones. It uses 1.88 to 1.90 GHz RF (European Version) or 1.92 to 1.93 GHz RF (US Version), as the frequency bandwidth. Different countries have regulations for the bandwidth used in DECT, but most have pre-set this band for wireless audio transmission. The most common profile of DECT is GAP

(Generic Access Profile), which is used to ensure common communication between base station and its cordless handset. This common platform allows communication between the two devices even if they are from different manufacturers. For example, a Panasonic DECT base-station theoretically can connect to a Siemens DECT Handset. Based on this profile, developers such as Plantronics or Jabra have launched wireless headsets which can directly pair with any GAP-enable DECT telephones. So users with a DECT Wireless Headset can pair it with their home DECT phones and enjoy wireless communication.
Bluetooth wireless headsets:

Most users have heard about Bluetooth, and although this technology was designed originally for a much wider application, it has today become largely for voice transmission (a notable exception to this would be the use of Bluetooth in the Nintendo Wiimote). The reason for this general exclusivity is because of the power/range settings of Bluetooth. Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz RF, similar to WLAN or Wi-Fi; however, by default it is set for a very close proximity usage for power consumption benefits. This deficiency for a longer-range coverage made Bluetooth technology un-desirable for data transmission. As nowadays, more and more mobile phones come equipped with Bluetooth, this technology has become a common wireless profile for wireless mobile phone headsets only.

When choosing a Bluetooth headset users should be aware that Bluetooth headsets come in different types as well. Standard Bluetooth headset's using version 1.0 or 1.1 are often a single-side monaural earpiece, which can only access the Headset/hands free profile of Bluetooth. Depending on the phone's operating system, this type of headset will either play music at a very low quality (because the phone is converting it into a voice signal) or will be unable to play music at all (because the phone cannot perform such a conversion). Users who need a stereo-music playing Bluetooth headset should look for a headset with the A2DP profile.[10] Users should note that some A2DP-equipped headsets will automatically de-activate the microphone function during music-listening, so if these headsets are paired to a computer via Bluetooth connection, the headset may either disable the stereo function or the microphone function.

Liquid crystal display:

2009-07-01T16:01:00.000-07:00

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.
A comprehensive classification of the various types and electro-optical modes of LCDs is provided in the article LCD classification.
Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.
The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).
Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nomadic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

Touch screen:-

2009-07-01T15:59:00.002-07:00

A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touch or contact to the display of the device by a finger or hand. Touch screens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. However, if the object sensed is active, as with a light pen, the term touch screen is generally not applicable. The ability to interact directly with a display typically indicates the presence of a touch screen. The touch screen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again,
such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games. Building touch screens there are several principal ways to build a touch screen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application. In the most popular techniques called the capacitive or resistive approach, manufactures coat the screen with a thin, transparent metallic layer. When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical current that flows through the display.
Dispersive-signal technology which 3M created in 2002, measures the piezoelectric effect- the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material- that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched. There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, any array of sensors detects finger touching or almost touching the display, there by interrupting light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted infrared cameras record screen touches. In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.

USB flash drive:-

2009-07-01T15:59:00.001-07:00

A USB flash drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a floppy disk, and most USB flash drives weigh less than an ounce (30 g). Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 128 GB with steady improvements in size and price per capacity. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles and have 10-year data retention, connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0.
USB flash drives offer potential advantages over other portable storage devices, particularly the floppy disk. They have a more compact shape, operate faster, hold much more data, have a more durable design, and operate more reliably due to their lack of moving parts. Additionally, it has become increasingly common for computers to be sold without floppy disk drives. USB ports, on the other hand, appear on almost every current mainstream PC and laptop. These types of drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and other Unix-like systems. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can also operate faster than an optical disc drive, while storing a larger amount of data in a much smaller space.
Nothing actually moves in a flash drive: the term drive persists because computers read and write flash-drive data using the same system commands as for a mechanical disk drive, with the storage appearing to the computer operating system and user interface as just another drive.
A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, robust enough for carrying with no additional protection—in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector is protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if exposed (but it may damage other items, for example a bag it is placed in). Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist.

Designing a collection:-

2009-07-01T15:57:00.000-07:00

A fashion collection is something that designer’s puts together each season to show their idea of new trends in both their high end couture range as well as their mass market range.

Fashion designers must take numerous matters into account when designing clothes for a collection, including consistency of theme and style. They will also take into account views of existing customers, previous fashions and styles of competitors, and anticipated fashion trends, as well as the season for the collection.
Designing a garment:
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress stand. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up in the proper fabric and tested on a fitting model.

Fashion design:-

2009-07-01T15:56:00.001-07:00

Fashion design is the applied art dedicated to clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time. It differs from costume design which is considered to have a built in obsolescence usually of one to two seasons. A season is defined as either autumn/winter or spring/summer.
Structure
Fashion designers can work in a number of ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one Fashion Company, known as in-house designers, which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designer’s works for themselves, and sell their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed.

Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, or Chanel are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.

Object-oriented programming:

2009-07-01T15:55:00.000-07:00

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" — data structures consisting of data fields and methods — and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. It was not commonly used in mainstream software application development until the early 1990s. Many modern programming languages now support OOP.
Object-oriented programming has roots that can be traced to the 1960s. As hardware and software became increasingly complex, quality was often compromised. Researchers studied ways to maintain software quality and developed object-oriented programming in part to address common problems by strongly emphasizing discrete, reusable units of programming logic. The methodology focuses on data rather than processes, with programs composed of self-sufficient modules (objects) each containing all the information needed to manipulate its own data structure.
This is in contrast to the existing modular programming which had been dominant for many years that focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data, but equally provided for code reuse, and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines). This more conventional approach, which still persists, tends to consider data and behavior separately.
An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects and can be viewed as an independent 'machine' with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "operators") on these objects are closely associated with the object. For example, the data structures tend to carry their own operators around with them (or at least "inherit" them from a similar object or class).
The Similar programming language was the first to introduce the concepts underlying object-oriented programming (objects, classes, subclasses, virtual methods, co routines, and discrete event simulation) as a superset of Algol. Similar also used automatic garbage collection which had been invented earlier for the functional programming language Lisp. Similar was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. Smalltalk was the first programming language to be called "object-oriented".

Search engine optimization:

2009-07-01T15:52:00.000-07:00

Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume or quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Typically, the earlier a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines. This gives a web site web presence.
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines.

The acronym "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.
Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or Spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.

Distributed computing:-

2009-07-01T15:51:00.000-07:00

Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime.
In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.
Organizing the interaction between the computers that execute distributed computations is of prime importance. In order to be able to use the widest possible variety of computers, the protocol or communication channel should not contain or use any information that may not be understood by certain machines. Special care must also be taken that messages are indeed delivered correctly and that invalid messages, which would otherwise bring down the system and perhaps the rest of the network, are rejected.
Another important factor is the ability to send software to another computer in a portable way so that it may execute and interact with the existing network. This may not always be practical when using differing hardware and resources, in which case other methods, such as cross-compiling or manually porting this software, must be used.
There are many different types of distributed computing systems and many challenges to overcome in successfully designing one. The main goal of a distributed computing system is to connect users and resources in a transparent, open, and scalable way. Ideally this arrangement is drastically more fault tolerant and more powerful than many combinations of stand-alone computer systems.

Computer architecture:-

2009-07-01T15:50:00.001-07:00

Computer architecture in computer engineering is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.
The term “architecture” in computer literature can be traced to the work of Lyle R. Johnson and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., members in 1959 of the Machine Organization department in IBM’s main research center. Johnson had occasion to write a proprietary research communication about Stretch, an IBM-developed supercomputer for Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; in attempting to characterize his chosen level of detail for discussing the luxuriously embellished computer, he noted that his description of formats, instruction types, hardware parameters, and speed enhancements aimed at the level of “system architecture” – a term that seemed more useful than “machine organization.” Subsequently Brooks, one of the Stretch designers, started Chapter 2 of a book by writing, “Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints.” Brooks went on to play a major role in the development of the IBM System/360 line of computers, where “architecture” gained currency as a noun with the definition “what the user needs to know.” Later the computer world would employ the term in many less-explicit ways.
The first mention of the term architecture in the referred computer literature is in a 1964 article describing the IBM System/360. The article defines architecture as the set of “attributes of a system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flow and controls, the logical design, and the physical implementation.” In the definition, the programmer perspective of the computer’s functional behavior is key. The conceptual structure part of an architecture description makes the functional behavior comprehensible and extrapolatable to a range of Use cases. Only later on did ‘internals’ such as “the way by which the CPU performs internally and accesses addresses in memory,” mentioned above, slip into the definition of computer architecture.
There are two main types of speed, latency and throughput. Latency is the time between the start of a process and its completion. Throughput is the amount of work done per unit time. Interrupt latency is the guaranteed maximum response time of the system to an electronic event (e.g. when the disk drive finishes moving some data). Performance is affected by a very wide range of design choices — for example, pipelining a processor usually makes latency worse (slower) but makes throughput better. Computers that control machinery usually need low interrupt latencies. These computers operate in a real-time environment and fail if an operation is not completed in a specified amount of time. For example, computer-controlled anti-lock brakes must begin braking almost immediately after they have been instructed to brake.

Java (programming language):-

2009-07-01T15:48:00.002-07:00

Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to byte code (class file) that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.

The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun made available most of their Java technologies as free software under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java and GNU Class path
One characteristic of Java is portability, which means that computer programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any supported hardware/operating-system platform. One should be able to write a program once, compile it once, and run it anywhere.
This is achieved by compiling the Java language code, not to machine code but to Java byte code – instructions analogous to machine code but intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets.

Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access host specific features such as graphics, threading and networking. In some JVM versions, byte code can be compiled to native code, either before or during program execution, resulting in faster execution. A major benefit of using byte code is porting. However, the overhead of interpretation means that interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than programs compiled to native executables would, and Java suffered a reputation for poor performance. This gap has been narrowed by a number of optimization techniques introduced in the more recent JVM implementations.

DVD - RAM

2009-07-01T15:48:00.001-07:00

Dual-layer recording allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store significantly more data, up to 8.54 gigabytes per disc, compared with 4.7 gigabytes for single-layer discs. DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation; DVD+R DL was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Philips and Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM).
A dual-layer disc differs from its usual DVD counterpart by employing a second physical layer within the disc itself. The drive with dual-layer capability accesses the second layer by shining the laser through the first semitransparent layer. In some DVD players, the layer change can exhibit a noticeable pause, up to several seconds. This caused some viewers to worry that their dual-layer discs were damaged or defective, with the end result that studios began listing a standard message explaining the dual-layer pausing effect on all dual-layer disc packaging.
There are two modes for dual-layer orientation. With parallel track path (PTP), used on DVD-ROM, both layers start at the inside diameter (ID) and end at the outside diameter (OD) with the lead-out. With opposite track path (OTP), used on many DVD-Video discs, the lower layer starts at the ID and the upper layer starts at the OD, where the other layer ends; they share one lead-in and one lead-out. However, some DVD-Video discs also use a parallel track - such as those authored episodically, such as a disc with several separate episodes of a TV series, where more often than not, the layer change is in-between titles and therefore would not need to be authored in the opposite track path fashion.

DVD- VIDEO & AUDIO

2009-07-01T15:47:00.001-07:00

DVD, also known as "Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video Disc," is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than six times as much data. Variations of the term DVD often describe the way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM (Read Only Memory), has data that can only be read and not written, DVD-R and DVD+R can record data only once and then function as a DVD-ROM. DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM can both record and erase data multiple times. The wavelength used by standard DVD lasers is 650 nm,[1] and thus the light has a red color.
DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs respectively refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content. Other types of DVDs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD-Data discs. As next generation High Definition more advanced optical formats such as Blu-ray Disc also use a disc identical in some aspects, the original DVD is occasionally given the retronym SD DVD (for standard definition). However, the trademarked HD DVD discs have been discontinued since Blu-ray absorbed their market share.

Card reader:-

2009-07-01T15:46:00.000-07:00

A memory card reader is a device used for communication with a smart card or a flash memory card. A business card reader is a scanning device used to scan and electronically save business cards. A magnetic card reader is a device used to scan cards containing magnetic data strips. A punched card reader is a device used to read holes in punched cardboard cards.
A smart card reader is an electronic device that reads smart cards. Some keyboards have a built-in card reader. There are external devices and internal drive bay card reader devices for PC. Some laptops have built-in smart card reader. Some have a flash upgradeable firmware. The card reader supplies the integrated circuit on the smart card with electricity. Communication is done via protocols and you can read and write to a fixed address on the card.
A barcode is a series of alternating dark and light stripes that are read by an optical scanner. The organization and width of the lines is determined by the bar code protocol selected. There are many different protocols but Code 39 is the most popular in the security industry. Sometimes the digits represented by the dark and light bars are also printed to allow people to read the number without an optical reader. The advantage of using bar code technology is that it is cheap and easy to generate the credential and it can easily be applied to cards or other items. The disadvantage of this technology is that it is cheap and easy to generate a credential making the technology susceptible to fraud and the optical reader can have reliability problems with dirty or smudged credentials. One attempt to reduce fraud is to print the bar code using carbon-based ink and then cover the bar code with a dark red overlay. The bar code can then be read with an optical reader tuned to the infrared spectrum, but can not easily be copied by a copy machine. This does not address the ease with which bar code numbers can be generated from a computer using almost any printer.
There are several forms of biometric identification employed in access control: fingerprint, hand geometry, iris and face recognition. The use of biometric technology significantly increases security level of systems because it eliminates such problems as lost, stolen or loaned ID cards, and forgotten or guessed PINs. The operation of all biometric readers is alike: they compare the template stored in memory to the scan obtained during the process of identification. If the probability that the template in the memory and the live scan belong to the same person is high enough, the ID number of that person is sent to a control panel. The control panel then checks permissions of the user and makes the decision whether to grant access or not. The communication between the reader and the control panel is usually done in the industry standard Wigand protocol. The only exception is intelligent biometric readers that do not require any panels and directly control all door hardware

Hard disk drive

2009-07-01T15:45:00.000-07:00

A hard disk drive (often shortened as "hard disk", "hard drive", or "HDD"), is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media.

The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past devices called read-and-write heads that operate very close (tens of nanometers in new drives) over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radically) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older designs a stepper motor.

The magnetic recording media are CoCrPt-based magnetic thin films of about 10-20 nm in thickness. The thin films are normally deposited on glass/ceramic/metal substrate and covered by thin carbon layer for protection. The Co-based alloy thin films are polycrystalline and the size of grains has an order of 10 nm. Because the sizes of each grain are tiny, they are typical single domain magnets. The media are magnetically hard (coercively is about 0.3T) so that a stable remnant magnetization can be achieved. The grain boundaries turn out to be very important. The reason is that, the grains are very small and close to each other, so the coupling between each grain is very strong. When one grain is magnetized, the adjacent grains tend to be aligned parallel to it or demagnetized. Then both the stability of the data and signal-to-noise ratio will be sabotaged. A clear grain boundary can weaken the coupling of the grains and subsequently increase the signal-to-noise ratio. During writing process, ideally one grain can store one bit (1/0).

However, current technology cannot reach that far yet. In practice, a group of grains (about 100) are magnetized as one bit. So, in order to increase the data density, smaller grains are required. From microstructure point of view, longitudinal and perpendicular recording are the same. Also, similar Co-based thin films are used in both longitudinal and perpendicular recording. However, the fabrication processes are different to gain different crystal structure and magnetic properties. In longitudinal recording, the single-domain grains have uniaxial anisotropy with easy axes lying in the film plane. The consequence of this arrangement is that adjacent magnets repel each other. Therefore the magneto static energy is so large that it is difficult to increase areal density. Perpendicular recording media, on the other hand, has the easy axis of the grains oriented perpendicular to the disk plane. Adjacent magnets attract to each other and magneto static energy are much lower. So, much higher areal density can be achieved in perpendicular recording. Another unique feature in perpendicular recording is that a soft magnetic under layer is incorporated into the recording disk. This under layer is used to conduct writing magnetic flux so that the writing is more efficient. This will be discussed in writing process. Therefore, a higher anisotropy medium film, such as L10-FePt and rare-earth magnets, can be used.

Software Maintenance:-

2009-07-01T15:44:00.000-07:00

In a large company there may be employees whose sole responsibility may consist of only one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few, or even a single individual might handle the complete process. In a small company, the typical involvement of software developers includes every step from initial specification of a project to the completed system.
Typically it includes: 1. Initial Meeting - where requirements are discussed in detail. 2. Proposal - a proposal based on the initial conversation and recommendations on the best approach 3. Detailed Design - for most projects, there is usually more design work to clarify exactly how the system should work. 4. Update Financials & Agree Contract - if the requirements have changed during the detailed design process, this is the stage to update the project costs. 5. Development - software developers start work on the system. 6. Functionally Complete - at the end of the development system, a system is delivered which is “functionally complete”, but may need further testing to iron out any bugs. 7. System Completed - testing is complete, and the system is ready for use.

SoftwareDesign:-

2009-07-01T15:41:00.000-07:00

Implementation (e.g. installation, configuration, programming/customization, integration, data migration)
Authoring of documentation needed by users and implementation partners etc.
Testing, including defining/supporting acceptance testing and gathering feedback from pre-release testers
Participation in software release and post-release activities, including support for product launch evangelism (e.g. developing demonstrations and/or samples) and competitive analysis for subsequent product build/release cycles

Software developer:-

2009-07-01T15:39:00.002-07:00

A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding, a somewhat broader scope of computer programming or a specialty of project managing including some aspects of software product management. This person may contribute to the overview of the project on the application level rather than component level or individual programming tasks. Software developers are often still guided by lead programmers but also encompass the class of freelance software developers.
With time and a little luck, differences between system design, software development and programming are more apparent. Already in the current market place there can be found segregation between programmers and developers, being that one who actually implements is not the same as the one who designs the class structure or hierarchy. Even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. (see also Debate over who is a software engineer)
A 'programmer' is responsible for writing code, but a 'developer' could be involved in wider aspects of the software development process such as:
Participation in software product definition, including Business case or Gap analysis
Requirements analysis
Development and refinement of throw-away simulations or prototypes to confirm requirements
Feasibility and Cost-benefit analysis, including the choice of application architecture and framework, leading to the budget and schedule for the project

Data compression:-

2009-07-01T15:39:00.001-07:00

In computer science and information theory, data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than an uuencoded representation would use through use of specific encoding schemes.
As with any communication, compressed data communication only works when both the sender and receiver of the information understand the encoding scheme. For example, this text makes sense only if the receiver understands that it is intended to be interpreted as characters representing the English language. Similarly, compressed data can only be understood if the decoding method is known by the receiver.

Compression is useful because it helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth. On the downside, compressed data must be decompressed to be used, and this extra processing may be detrimental to some applications. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it's being decompressed (the option of decompressing the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient, and requires storage space for the decompressed video). The design of data compression schemes therefore involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (if using a lossy compression scheme), and the computational resources required to compress and uncompress the data.
Another kind of compression, called loss data compression or perceptual coding, is possible if some loss of fidelity is acceptable. Generally, a lossy data compression will be guided by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by "rounding off" some of this less-important information. Lossy data compression provides a way to obtain the best fidelity for a given amount of compression. In some cases, transparent (unnoticeable) compression is desired; in other cases, fidelity is sacrificed to reduce the amount of data as much as possible.

Telemarketing Call Centers:-

2009-07-01T15:38:00.001-07:00

We’ve all heard jokes about telemarketers – from the calls during dinner to the “funny” things to say in response – but working in a call center can actually be a viable way to make a living if you enjoy speaking with people and providing good customer service. Today, many business owners feel that it’s important to try to reach new customers by phone. Therefore, finding a job with a telemarketing call center isn’t all that difficult. Working in the field, you’ll find that you experience many of the same issues as employees in other types of call centers.
In general, when you begin working as a telemarketer, you’ll be provided with a list of names, telephone numbers and a pre-written script to follow. Your objective will be to make direct contact with an individual and then try to sell them a product or service. Unfortunately, most people will tell you they aren’t interested in your product or hang up on you as soon as they figure out you are a telemarketer. In ost cases, that happens as soon as you tell them your name and the company you represent – if you don’t deal well with rejection, seek another line of work.

Because telemarketers are often viewed as a nuisance, many consumers registered their phone numbers with the Do Not Call Registry. If you’re a telemarketer, you aren’t allowed to call individuals on this list. If you try to call an individual on this list and they determine that you’re a telemarketer, you may have to pay fines and penalties or be subject to investigation by law enforcement authorities.

Even though you may find a number of positions related to telemarketing, it’s not always an easy job. In particular, if you’re offered payment based on sales, you may find that it’ll take a huge amount of calls to attain any kind of success. On the other hand, as a telemarketer, you’ll gain experience dealing with many different kinds of people and communication behaviors, all while earning a healthy income.

Telecommunication:-

2009-07-01T15:37:00.000-07:00

Telecommunication is the assisted transmission over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic devices such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the field of telecommunication include Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logia Baird. Telecommunication is an important part of the world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be $1.2 trillion in 2006.
In an analogue telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.

The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue — that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently onverting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totaled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS.

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibers. The benefit of communicating with optic fibers is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fiber cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibers are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fiber.

Assisting communication across many modern optic fiber networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely.[47] There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.

Memory card

2009-07-01T15:36:00.000-07:00

A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data storage device capable of storing digital contents. These are mainly used with digital cameras, handheld and Mobile computers, mobile phones, music players, video game consoles, and other electronics. They offer high re-record-ability, power-free storage, small form factor, and rugged environmental specifications. There are also non-solid-state memory cards that do not use flash memory, and there are different types of flash memory.

There are many different types of memory cards and jobs they are used for. Some common places include in digital cameras, game consoles, cell phones, and industrial applications. PC card (PCMCIA) were among first commercial memory card formats (type I cards) to come out in the 1990s, but are now only mainly used in industrial applications and for I/O jobs (using types I/II/III), as a connection standard for devices (such as a modem). Also in 1990s, a number of memory card formats smaller than PC Card came out, including Compact Flash, Smart Media, and Miniature Card. In other areas, tiny embedded memory cards (SID) were used in cell phones, game consoles started using proprietary memory card formats, and devices like PDAs and digital music players started using removable memory cards.

From the late 1990s into the early 2000s a host of new formats appeared, including SD/MMC, Memory Stick, xD-Picture Card, and a number of variants and smaller cards. The desire for ultra-small cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend toward smaller cards that left the previous generation of "compact" cards looking big. In digital cameras Smart Media and Compact Flash had been very successful, in 2001 SM alone captured 50% of the digital camera market and CF had a strangle hold on professional digital cameras.

By 2005 however, SD/MMC had nearly taken over Smart Media’s spot, though not to the same level and with stiff competition coming from Memory Stick variants, xD, as well as Compact Flash. In industrial fields, even the venerable PC card (PCMCIA) memory cards still manage to maintain a niche, while in cell-phones and PDAs, the memory card market is highly fragmented.

Video projector:-

2009-07-01T15:35:00.002-07:00

A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, home theatre and live events applications. Projectors are widely used in many schools and other educational settings, connected to an interactive white board to interactively teach pupils.
A video projector, also known as a Digital Projector, may be built into a cabinet with a rear-projection screen (rear-projection TV, or RPTV) to form a single unified display device, now popular for “home theater” applications. Common display resolutions for a portable projector include SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1024×768 pixels), 720p (1280×720 pixels), and 1080p (1920×1080 pixels).

The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by its light output, acoustic noise output, contrast, and other characteristics. While most modern projectors provide sufficient light for a small screen at night or under controlled lighting such as in a basement with no windows[1], a projector with a higher light output (measured in lumens, abbreviated “lm”) is required for a larger screen or a room with a higher amount of ambient light. A rating of 1500 to 2500 ANSI lumens or lower is suitable for smaller screens with controlled lighting or low ambient light.

Between 2500 and 4000 lm is suitable for medium-sized screens with some ambient light or dimmed light. Over 4000 lm is appropriate for very large screens in a large room with no lighting control (for example, a conference room). Projected image size is important; because the total amount of light does not change, as size increases, brightness decreases. Image sizes are typically measured in linear terms, diagonally, obscuring the fact that larger images require much more light (proportional to the image area, not just the length of a side). Increasing the diagonal measure of the image by 25% reduces the image brightness by 35%; an increase of 41% reduces brightness by half.

ON LINE Mobile Development:

2009-07-01T15:35:00.001-07:00

This page lists the known relative differences between the most popular mobile platform development options for handheld devices such as personal digital assistants, enterprise digital assistants or mobile phones. It is not intended to be an absolute guide to the various mobile development platforms; instead it is to help guide developers in choosing a mobile platform for development on Information appliances. More detail on the subject can be found at the Mobile software article.
JAVA ME:
Ideal for a portable solution, if the Java ME platform provides the needed functionality. Good for vertical applications that must be portable. Device-specific libraries exist for many devices and are commonly used for games, making them non-portable. Applications (including their data) cannot be larger than around 1 MB if they are to run on most phones. They must also be cryptographically signed in order to effectively use many APIs such as the file system access API. This is relatively expensive and is rarely done, even for commercial applications.
Symbian:
Very powerful for general purpose development. The Simian based S60 platform is strongly supported by Nokia with some support from other device manufacturers. In Japan NTT DoCoMo's Symbian based MOAP platform is also well supported by a number of manufacturers (Fujitsu, Sony Ericsson Japan, Mitsubishi and Sharp amongst others). It should be noted, however, that MOAP is not an open development platform. Another Simian based platform, UIQ, is less well supported (principally by Sony Ericsson and Motorola). Currently large device deployments in Europe and Japan, with little penetration in the US market.
Iphone:
The iPhone and iPod Touch SDK uses Objective C, based on the C programming language. Currently, is only available on Mac OS X 10.5 and is the only way to write an iPhone application. All applications must be cleared by Apple before being hosted on the AppStore, the sole distribution channel for iPhone and iPod touch applications. However, non-Apple approved applications can be released to for jail broken iPhones via Cydia or Installer.

Business Opportunity:

2009-07-01T15:34:00.001-07:00

A business opportunity, or bishop, involves the sale or lease of any product, service, equipment, etc. that will enable the purchaser-licensee to begin a business. The licensor or seller of a business opportunity usually declares that it will secure or assist the buyer in finding a suitable location or provide the product to the purchaser-licensee. This is different from the sale of an independent business, in which there is no continued relationship required by the seller.

A common type of business opportunity involves a company that sells bulk vending machines and promises to secure suitable locations for the machines. The purchaser is counting on the company to find locations where sales will be high enough to enable him to recoup his expenses and make a profit. Because of the many cases of fraudulent biz-ops in which companies have not followed through on their promises, or in which profits were much less than what the company led the investor to believe, governments closely regulate these operations.Multi-level marketing is often presented as a business opportunity, such as the phrase, "Let me tell you about an incredible ground-level business opportunity."

In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission receives complaints and helps coordinate enforcement action against fraudulent business opportunities’ business opportunity consists of four integrated elements all of which are to be present within the same timeframe (window of opportunity) and most often within the same domain or geographical location, before it can be claimed as a business opportunity. These four elements are:

Satellite television

2009-07-01T15:33:00.000-07:00

Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers. Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earth’s equator.

Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the C-band (4–8 GHz) or Ku-band (12–18 GHz) or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink.

A typical satellite has up to 32 transponders for Ku-band and up to 24 for a C-band only satellite, or more for hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 MHz and 50 MHz. Each geo-stationary C-band satellite needs to be spaced 2 degrees from the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku the spacing can be 1 degree. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary C-band satellites and 360/1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band satellites. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while Ku-band transmission is affected by rain (as water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at this particular frequency).

The down linked satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see inverse-square law), is collected by a parabolic receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the flared front-end of a section of waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a probe or pickup connected to a low-noise block down converter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the L-band range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention. The original C-Band satellite TV systems used a Low Noise Amplifier connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed via very expensive 50 Ohm impedance coaxial cable to an indoor receiver or in other designs fed to a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the head end. But this simple design evolved.

Digital Audio Broadcasting:-

2009-07-01T15:32:00.000-07:00

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), is a digital radio technology for broadcasting radio stations, used in several countries, particularly in Europe. As of 2006, approximately 1,000 stations worldwide broadcast in the DAB format.

The DAB standard was designed in the 1980s, and receivers have been available in many countries for several years. Proponents claim the standard offers several benefits over existing analogue FM radio, such as more stations in the same broadcast spectrum, and increased resistance to noise, multipath, fading, and co-channel interference. However, listening tests carried out by experts in the field of audio have shown that the audio quality on DAB is lower than on FM in the UK on stationary receivers, due to 98% of stereo stations using a bit rate of 128 Kbit/s with the MP2 audio codec, which requires double that amount to achieve perceived CD quality.

An upgraded version of the system was released in February 2007, which is called DAB+. This is not backward-compatible with DAB, which means that DAB-only receivers will not be able to receive DAB+ broadcasts. DAB+ is approximately twice as efficient as DAB due to the adoption of the AAC+ audio codec, and DAB+ can provide high quality audio with as low as 64kbit/s. Reception quality will also be more robust on DAB+ than on DAB due to the addition of Reed-Solomon error correction coding.
The reception quality on DAB can be poor even for people that live well within the coverage area. The reason for this is that the old version of DAB uses weak error correction coding so that when there are a lot of errors with the received data not enough of the errors can be corrected and a "bubbling mud" sound occurs. In some cases a complete loss of signal can happen. This situation will be improved upon in the new DAB standard (DAB+, discussed below) that uses stronger error correction coding and as additional transmitters are built.

Digital camera:-

2009-07-01T15:31:00.002-07:00

A digital camera (or dig cam for short) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via electronic image sensor. Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. In the Western market, digital cameras outsell their 35 mm film counterparts.

Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras.

Compact cameras are designed to be small and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" use, thus are also called point-and-shoot camera. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts". Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. They may have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability, but if they have zoom capability the range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. They have a greater depth of field, allowing objects within a large range of distances from the camera to be in sharp focus.

Bridge cameras often have super zoom lenses which provide a very wide zoom range, typically between 10:1 and 18:1, which is attained at the cost of some distortions, including barrel and pincushion distortion, to a degree which varies with lens quality. These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the mirror and reflex system of DSLRs, have so far been fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although in some cases accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters can be attached to the lens), can usually take movies with sound, and the scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). They are usually slower to operate than a true digital SLR, but they are capable of very good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. The high-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in lossless RAW format as an option to JPEG compression. The majority have a built-in flash, often a unit which flips up over the lens. The guide number tends to be between 11 and 15.

Cons:

2009-07-01T15:31:00.001-07:00

Compliance issue – each push messaging technology has its own set of regulations, from minor (RSS) to heavily control (email and text messaging)
Requires mechanism to deliver content – the marketer has to use an application to send the message, from an email marketing system to RSS feeders.
Delivery can be blocked – if the marketer does not follow the regulations set forth by each push message type, the content can be refused or rejected before getting to the intended recipient.

Pros:

2009-07-01T15:30:00.001-07:00

Can be personalized -- messages received can be highly targeted and specific to selected criteria – like a special offer for females, 21 years old or over and living in California.
Detailed tracking and reporting – marketers can see not only how many people saw their message but also specific information about each user such as their name as well as demographic and psychographic data.
High Return on Investment (ROI) possible – if executed the right way, push messaging can help drive new revenue as well as brand reinforcement.

Digital Marketing:-

2009-07-01T15:29:00.000-07:00

Digital Marketing is the promoting of brands using the Internet, mobile and other interactive channels.Digital Marketing is the practice of promoting products and services using digital distribution channels to reach consumers in a timely, relevant, personal and cost-effective manner.
Whilst digital marketing does include many of the techniques and practices contained within the category of Internet Marketing, it extends beyond this by including other channels with which to reach people that do not require the use of The Internet. As a result of this non-reliance on the Internet, the field of digital marketing includes a whole host of elements such as mobile phones, sms/mms, display / banner ads and digital outdoor.
Previously seen as a stand-alone service in its own right, it is frequently being seen as a domain that can and does cover most, if not all, of the more traditional marketing areas such as Direct Marketing by providing the same method of communicating with an audience but in a digital fashion.
Pull digital marketing technologies involve the user having to seek out and directly grab (or pull) the content via web searches. Web site/blogs and streaming media (audio and video) are good examples of this. In each of these examples, users have a specific link (URL) to view the content. Pros:
Push digital marketing technologies involve both the marketer (creator of the message) as well as the recipients (the user). Email, SMS, RSS are examples of push digital marketing. In each of these examples, the marketer has to send (push) the messages to the users (subscribers) in order for the message to be received.

Marketing Jobs:

2009-07-01T15:28:00.000-07:00

Job Purpose:
The Online Marketing Specialist will be a member of the E-Commerce Online Marketing team and will work on several aspects of The Body Shop’s online marketing programs in both the US and Canada. This individual will be primarily responsible for the daily management of the company’s affiliate program, Amazon store. On-site blog and social networking efforts. They will also be responsible for tactically supporting a variety of the E-Commerce group’s customer acquisition efforts. They will work with the E-Commerce management team to successfully drive marketing activity and measure results.
Overall
• Manage all daily aspects of performance analysis and reporting for Affiliates, Amazon, on-site blog, social networking and new partnerships.
• Responsible for budget management, accrual process, and spend allocation
• Report performance on online media acquisition/retention efforts including spend, conversions, number of customers acquired and ROI.
• Track and report on campaign results, data analysis, and hold weekly campaign status calls with partners. Develop key learning’s to apply to upcoming campaigns.
• Developing marketing strategies, time lines, and action plans specific to each channel.

• Manage our extensive affiliate network working with Link Share to drive improved performance. Work with Online Marketing Manager to develop strategy for refining program to focus on top affiliates. Develop and execute campaigns targeting affiliates (trial offers, web site specials) to meet monthly sales goals• Understand relationship between affiliate marketing and SEO, PPC activities Stay up-to-date on current trends, developments in affiliate marketing and tactics of competitors.

Telemarketing Call Centers

2009-07-01T15:27:00.002-07:00

We’ve all heard jokes about telemarketers – from the calls during dinner to the “funny” things to say in response – but working in a call center can actually be a viable way to make a living if you enjoy speaking with people and providing good customer service. Today, many business owners feel that it’s important to try to reach new customers by phone. Therefore, finding a job with a telemarketing call center isn’t all that difficult. Working in the field, you’ll find that you experience many of the same issues as employees in other types of call centers.

In general, when you begin working as a telemarketer, you’ll be provided with a list of names, telephone numbers and a pre-written script to follow. Your objective will be to make direct contact with an individual and then try to sell them a product or service. Unfortunately, most people will tell you they aren’t interested in your product or hang up on you as soon as they figure out you are a telemarketer. In most cases, that happens as soon as you tell them your name and the company you represent – if you don’t deal well with rejection, seek another line of work.
Because telemarketers are often viewed as a nuisance, many consumers registered their phone numbers with the Do Not Call Registry. If you’re a telemarketer, you aren’t allowed to call individuals on this list. If you try to call an individual on this list and they determine that you’re a telemarketer, you may have to pay fines and penalties or be subject to investigation by law enforcement authorities.

Even though you may find a number of positions related to telemarketing, it’s not always an easy job. In particular, if you’re offered payment based on sales, you may find that it’ll take a huge amount of calls to attain any kind of success. On the other hand, as a telemarketer, you’ll gain experience dealing with many different kinds of people and communication behaviors, all while earning a healthy income.

SON OF MOTO:-

2009-07-01T15:27:00.001-07:00

Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success When he who most excels in fact of arms, In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
When he who most excels in fact of arms, in what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution, as the scope of all his aim, after some dire revenge
I should be much for open war, O Peers, as not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast.
Ominous conjecture on the whole success; When he who most excels in fact of arms, In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

VINTAGE JESUS FASHION:-

2009-07-01T15:26:00.001-07:00

First of all, you should clean right! Because no color will ever stick to fucking dirty willies full of dried up muddy from the last festival or general shit German weather Then here's what you should have at home.

If you're not into arts, an arts student or such things, you might have to look for all that in some artists' specialist or something.
I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success; When he who most excels in fact of arms.
In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

FASHION HIPPIE LOVES:-

2009-07-01T15:25:00.001-07:00

Amber meistens hab inch nacho gut 10 Minuten mein Outfit fur den Tag gefunden, inch überleg Mir, was will inch unbedingt anziehen... IST as ne estimate Hose, ne
Tauscher Oder in Par Schuler Inch schwa dann nacho den bested Kombimöglichkeiten und whale diesel den.... Gut inch muss zugeben, ranchman überleg inch a bends scion, was connote inch am nächsten Tag anziehen, was past zusammenWohler inch Mir mine Inspirational name: virile Sind as meaner engine Idée, inch kef Mir inch LaMotte, well is grade Trend its.
Naturalism gibe as auch Promise (Nicole Richie, Miroslava Michaela, Olivia Palermo, Ashley Tisdale, Vanessa Hudgens, Michal Barton, Vice Beckham, Olsen Twins,) die Mich zoo munched Outfits inspirieren.

Those dancing days...

2009-07-01T15:24:00.002-07:00

Here's what I thought. I really like simple black willies, yeah, but I also like them to be a bit more... fun, okay.
Why not pimp them up a bit - like someone, I even forgot who or what, suggested in a competition I read about on Face book, too. Of course I couldn't join in the competition.
we Germans are excluded in about half of all the fun, but I still wanted to make my black Hunter willies look a bit more... individual, eh First of all, you should clean 'am, right! Because no color will ever stick to fucking dirty willies full of dried up mud from the last festival or general shit German weather
Then here's what you should have at home (if you're not into arts, an arts student or such things, you might have to look for all that in some artists' specialist or something)Acryllic-colour base (which is colorless actually, but it's water-resistant once it has dried up)

ROSE COUTURE HAT GESAGT:-

2009-07-01T15:24:00.001-07:00

Powers and Dominions, Deities of Heav'n, for since no deep within her gulf can hold Immortal vigor, though oppress and fallen, I give not Heav'n for lost.
Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success When he who most excels in fact of arms, In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
I should be much for open war, O Peers, as not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast.
Ominous conjecture on the whole success; When he who most excels in fact of arms, In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

KOMMENTARE:-

2009-07-01T15:22:00.000-07:00

Here's what I thought. I really like simple black willies, yeah, but I also like them to be a bit more... fun, okay. Why not pimp them up a bit - like someone, I even forgot who or what, suggested in a competition
I read about on Face book, too. Of course I couldn't join in the competition as we Germans are excluded in about half of all the fun, but I still wanted to make my black Hunter willies look a bit more... individual, eh
First of all, you should clean 'am, right! Because no color will ever stick to fucking dirty willies full of dried up mood from the last festival or general shit German weather :)Then here's what you should have at home.
If you're not into arts, an arts student or such things, you might have to look for all that in some artists' specialist or something)

Aloof themes LW tasted use:-

2009-07-01T15:21:00.001-07:00

First of all, you should clean right! Because no color will ever stick to fucking dirty willies full of dried up muddy from the last festival or general shit German weather Then here's what you should have at home.

If you're not into arts, an arts student or such things, you might have to look for all that in some artists' specialist or something.I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success; When he who most excels in fact of arms,
In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge

DAMIT IHRMICH BESSER KENENLERNT:-

2009-07-01T15:20:00.001-07:00

Also inch muss nochmal was lowered hahadanke fur euro kombis und ouch fur die negative wail die haven Mir geeing das vile eon flashes bald von Mir haven durum knar inch mal heir engines auf
Die Tauscher hub inch zoo meinem Aeschylus bookmen Weil inch Mitch so reingehängt hob und wagon guten no ten halt inch hub Mitch halt etch drüber gerent und sie deshalb hier reingemachtich glaub judder wired such frequent.

Sone teure tasche geschenckt zoo bekommen Oder und den preis hab inch auch nor hingschrieben Weil so vile Mitch dance gefragt haben inch hatte dann irgendwann auch keine lust mehr jedem zoo antworten

Here's what I thought. I really like simple black willies, yeah, but I also like them to be a bit more... fun, okay. Why not pimp them up a bit - like someone, I even forgot who or what, suggested in a competition I read about on Face book, too. Of course I couldn't join in the competition as we Germans are excluded in about half of all the fun, but I still wanted to make my black Hunter willies look a bit more... individual, eh

Book I :-

2009-07-01T15:19:00.002-07:00

High on a Throne of Royal State, which far outshone the wealth of ORMUS and of IND, or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her Kings BARBARIC Pearl
and Gold, Satan exalted sat, by merit raid’s To that bad eminence; and from despair Thus high uplifted beyond hope, aspires Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue Vain War with Heav'n, and by success untaught His proud imaginations thus displayed.
I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success When he who most excels in fact of arms.
In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution, as the scope of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

And with persuasive accent thus began:-

2009-07-01T15:19:00.001-07:00

I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success.
When he who most excels in fact of arms, in what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
High on a Throne of Royal State, which far Outshone the wealth of ORMUS and of IND, Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers’ on her Kings BARBARIC Pearl and Gold, Satan exalted sat, by merit raid’s To that bad eminence; and from despair
Thus high uplifted beyond hope, aspires Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue Vain Ware with Heav'n, and by success untaught His proud imaginations thus displayed.

Imaginations thus displayed:-

2009-07-01T15:18:00.001-07:00

I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success; When he who most excels in fact of arms,
In what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution, as the scope of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
High on a Throne of Royal State, which far outshone the wealth of ORMUS and of IND, or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her Kings BARBARIC Pearl and Gold,
Satan exalted sat, by merit raids’ To that bad eminence; and from despair Thus high uplifted beyond hope, aspires Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue Vain War with Heav'n, and by success untaught His proud imaginations thus displayed.

More glorious and more dread than from no fall :-

2009-07-01T15:17:00.002-07:00

Me though just right and the fixit Laws of Heav'n Did first create your Leader, next, free choice, With what besides, in Counselor in Fight, Hath bin achieved of merit, yet this loss Thus Farr at least recovered hath much more Establish in a safe unenvied Throne Yielded with full consent.
Powers and Dominions, Deities of Heav'n, for since no deep within her gulf can hold Immortal vigor, though oppress and fallen, I give not Heav'n for lost.
I should be much for open war, O Peers, As not behind in hate, if what was urged Main reason to persuade immediate war Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success;
When he who most excels in fact of arms, in what he counsels and in what excels Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution, as the scope of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

Teens vote, GET REAL! Will be Teen Read Week theme for 2005:-

2009-07-01T15:17:00.001-07:00

For the first time ever, the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA), held a national teen vote to determine the theme for Teen Read Week. Over 1,100 teens nationwide voted during Teen Read Week, October 17 – 23, for the 2005 theme. GET REAL! was chosen as the theme for Teen Read Week 2005, to be held October 16 – 22nd.

The online vote allowed teens to choose from three options: Get Real; Get Active; and Think.Choose.Do. There was also an opportunity to suggest a theme for future years.

“One of the key components in YALSA's New Directions in Library Service for Young Adults is youth participation,” said YALSA President David Mowery. “By involving teens in choosing the 2005 theme of Teen Read Week, we are not only giving teens the chance to participate, we are allowing them to take ownership.”

Now finished with its seventh year, Teen Read Week is a national literacy initiative of YALSA. The theme for Teen Read Week 2004, “IT’S ALIVE! @ your library®”, encouraged teens to explore programs, Web sites and books about mysteries, forensics, science fiction, horror and the world around them.

Teen Read Week supporting organizations include: American Association of School Administrators, American Booksellers Association, Cable in the Classroom, International Reading Association, Kids Care, KIDSNET, National Association of Secondary School Principals, National Council of Teachers of English, National Education Association, National School Boards Association, SmartGirl.org, The N/Noggin, Speak Up Press, and TeenInk.

Work Habits:-

2009-07-01T15:16:00.001-07:00

You must login to your online course and interact several times a week. This can include reading online, working on assignments, participating in discussions (in chat sessions as well as threaded discussions), and responding to e-mail. If you're not accustomed to routinely accessing the Internet, it may be difficult to motivate yourself to do the work. You must be disciplined enough to keep your coursework current.
Most of the material you're required to read for this course is online and you must read it carefully. Some students just print out the syllabus and key information to read offline. It's important to realize you can't just skim over the content and be able to have a clear understanding of when assignments are due and what is expected of you.
Most communication in an online class consists of written messages between you and the instructor and discussions among class participants. If you have difficulty with an assignment or have questions, you must be willing to "speak up" to inform the instructor. Good typing skills also are a plus.
Sometimes learning new programs or applications on the computer can be frustrating if they don't work exactly as you expect. Taking an online course may require you to learn new techniques beyond just e-mail for interacting with other students in the class. If you take the class with colleagues or are acquainted with someone who is taking the course, by all means, practice using a WebTV Chat Room once you're registered, or join a Yahoo! group and use chat room facilities there.

Tech Tools for Teen Leadership:-

2009-07-01T15:14:00.002-07:00

Let's face it, learning and using new technologies can seem overwhelming. However, many of the technologies that spring up every day can help you be a better leader in your library and a better manager of teen library services. You can also use many tech tools to help teens gain leadership skills. In many cases these technologies give you a chance to trade traditional ways of doing things for new and improved methods of accomplishing various tasks. This is a six-week course. The cost is $149 for YALSA members, $195 for ALA members, and $215 for nonmembers. Instructor: Linda Braun.
In this class you will:
· Find out about free easy-to-use technologies that make it easier for you to lead and manage teen library services
· Discuss ways to use new technologies to plan and implement TAG projects, meetings, and programs
· Learn how to begin to integrate technology in order to make your day-to-day teen services tasks more easily accomplished.
· Brainstorm methods for keeping up with technology so to improve teen services in your library

Reaching Teens with Gaming:-

2009-07-01T15:14:00.001-07:00

The main focus of this course is to educate non-gamers about what video games are, to eliminate stereotypes and fears about video games, and to introduce librarians to a medium that engages the free time of more than 80% of their teen clientele. This is a six-week course. The cost is $149 for YALSA members,
Learn why video games matter in terms of entertainment, culture, learning, literacy, child/adolescent development, world economy, business.
· Discover the platforms, genres, ratings, and brief history of video games
· Discuss the controversies of games: violence, gender bias and more
· Play video games to gain first-hand knowledge of what they are and how they function
· Develop a library program for the gamer generation

Adolescent Development and Library Behavior:-

2009-07-01T15:13:00.001-07:00

Teen brain development rivals that of the toddler years — maybe that explains the attitude and characteristics of this historically underserved age group. Find out exactly why teens act the way they do and learn how librarians can address patron behavior issues in a way that will develop relationships with young adults. By the end of this class, participants will:
· Understand the physical development of the adolescent brain and how it manifests into physical and emotional behaviors;
· Examine the developmental needs and assets of adolescents, and the role libraries must play in helping teens grow into healthy adults;
· Discuss how to apply newly acquired knowledge and techniques to improve library services to teens in ways that meet developmental needs and build developmental assets.

New Technologies and New Literacy’s for Teens:-

2009-07-01T15:12:00.002-07:00

How does teen use of technology to play, learn, and create improve their text-based literacy skills? How are teens using technology to communicate, collaborate, and create? What technologies should librarians know about to support teen interest in building community online.
In this six week course you will find the answers to these questions, become familiar with the tools and techniques teens use to communicate and collaborate online, and discover how to inform your own community about best practices that support teen's technology-based print literacies.Participants in the series will have the opportunity to talk with others about teen use of technology and how that use improves literacy skills. They will also have the chance to create a framework for a program or service at their library that supports teen technology-based print literacy.

YALSA's Great Books Giveaway Competition

2009-07-01T15:12:00.001-07:00

Each year the YALSA office receives approximately 1,200 newly published books, videos, CD's and audiocassettes, materials that have been targeted primarily towards young adults. Publishers and producers submit copies for selection committees to review and nominate. After the ALA Midwinter Meeting (when committees select their annual lists), these materials need to be removed from the YALSA office to make room for the next year's publications.
The YALSA Board of Directors believes many libraries that serve young adults would benefit by receiving this collection of materials. YALSA and the cooperating publishers are therefore offering one year's worth of review materials as a contribution to a library in need through this application process. Applicants must demonstrate:
That the library's commitment to intellectual freedom and equity of access for young adults is supported by an up-to-date, board-approved collection development policy which is based upon the guidelines in the Intellectual

Margaret A. Edwards Award:-

2009-07-01T15:11:00.001-07:00

The Margaret A. Edwards Award, established in 1988, honors an author, as well as a specific body of his or her work, for significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature. The annual award is administered by YALSA and sponsored by magazine. It recognizes an author's work in helping adolescents become aware of them and addressing questions about their role and importance in relationships, society, and in the world.
Use this about past Edwards’s winners with teens in your library! See what had to say about the Edwards Award in honor of its 20th anniversary.YALSA produces seals which can be placed on the winning books. Seals are available for purchase in the Laurie Hales Anderson is the winner of the 2009 Margaret A. Edwards Award for Catalyst, Fever 1793, and Speak.
These gripping and exceptionally well-written novels, through various settings, time periods, and circumstances, poignantly reflect the growing and changing realities facing teens. Iconic and classic in her storytelling and character development, Anderson has created for teens a body of work that continues to be widely read and cherished by a diverse audience.
In Catalyst, published by Viking Children’s Books, a division of Penguin Young Readers Group, overachiever Kate Malone is forced to confront unresolved issues when girl bully Terri and her family move into her home. Fever 1793, published by Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing, shows how Mattie Cook’s dreams for the future are reduced to a day-to-day struggle for survival as a yellow fever epidemic fills the streets of Philadelphia. In Speak, a 2000 published by Puffin Books, a division of Penguin Young Readers Group, Melinda Sordino is silenced by a trauma and ostracized by her classmates until she once again faces her attacker and finds the strength to fight back

YALSA's Alex Awards:-

2009-07-01T15:10:00.000-07:00

The Alex Awards are given to ten books written for adults that have special appeal to young adults, ages 12 through 18. The winning titles are selected from the previous year's publishing. The Alex Awards were first given annually beginning in 1998 and became an official ALA award in 2002. Link to this page using its short URL.
The award is sponsored by the Margaret A. Edwards Trust and Booklist. Edwards pioneered young adult library services and worked for many years at the Enoch Pratt Library in Baltimore.
Her work is described in her book Fair Garden and the Swarm of Beasts, and over the years she has served as an inspiration to many librarians who serve young adults. The Alex Awards are named after Edwards, who was called “Alex” by her friends

Jellicoe Road:-

2009-07-01T15:09:00.000-07:00

Haunted by the past, Taylor Markham reluctantly leads the students of the Jellicoe School in their secret territory wars against the Townies and the Cadets. Machete’s lyrical writing evokes the Australian landscape in a suspenseful tale of raw emotion, romance, humor and tragedy.
Melina Machete lives in Sydney, Australia, and is the award-winning author of two previous novels. A former high school teacher, she is recognized for the authenticity of her teen characters’ voices.
“This roller coaster ride of a novel grabs you from the first sentence and doesn’t let go. You may not be sure where the ride will take you, but every detail—from the complexities of the dual narrative to the pangs of first love—is pitch perfect,” said Printz Award Committee Chair Mary Arnold.

The Michael L. Prints Award for Excellence in Young Adult Literature:-

2009-07-01T15:08:00.000-07:00

The Michael L. Prints’ Award is an award for a book that exemplifies literary excellence in young adult literature. It is named for a Topeka, Kansas school librarian who was a long-time active member of the Young Adult Library Services Association.
The award is sponsored by a publication of the American Library Association. Link to this page with its shortened URL,
YALSA produces seals for the Michael L. Printz Award which can be placed on the winning books. The seals are available in the for the winning book, and seals for the honor books.

Odyssey Award for Excellence in Audio book Production:-

2009-07-01T15:07:00.002-07:00

This annual award will be given to the producer of the best audio book produced for children and/or young adults, available in English in the United States. The selection committee may also select honor titles. The Odyssey Award is jointly given administered by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) and the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), divisions of ALA, and is sponsored by Booklist.
The story of the wanderings of Ulysses, as he returns to his kingdom of Ithaca after the Trojan War, are ascribed to the blind poet Homer who either wrote, or dictated, the epic poem called The Odyssey. Whether this odyssey of Ulysses was based on one specific event, or many different ones, is argued by researchers today, though they all seem to agree that the poems comprising The Odyssey were originally told and retold in the oral tradition, hence the name for this award. The Odyssey Award allows us to return to the ancient roots of storytelling, while living in our modern world.
Listening is an important skill to be both taught and learned. Children of this century live in a world where media is a dominant form of communication, and imagination's greatest champion in this technological realm is the spoken word. Through the years our cultures have been nurtured and our customs passed on by storytellers; audio books carry on that tradition.
The selection committee consists of nine members: four members appointed by ALSC; four members appointed by YALSA; a chair, whose appointment alternates between ALSC and YALSA divisions; and a consultant from the staff of Booklist magazine who works with audio books. The consultant may participate fully in all book discussions but may not participate in voting.

The William C. Morris YA Debut Award:-

2009-07-01T15:07:00.001-07:00

The William C. Morris YA Debut Award, first awarded in 2009, honors a debut book published by a first-time author writing for teens and celebrating impressive new voices in young adult literature.
The award's namesake is William C. Morris, an influential innovator in the publishing world and an advocate for marketing books for children and young adults. Bill Morris left an impressive mark on the field of children’s and young adult literature. He was beloved in the publishing field and the library profession for his generosity and marvelous enthusiasm for promoting literature for children and teens.
The William C. Morris YA Debut Award celebrates the achievement of a previously unpublished author, or authors, who have made a strong literary debut in writing for young adult readers. The work cited will illuminate the teen experience and enrich the lives of its readers through its excellence, demonstrated by:

THE SECRET GARDEN:-

2009-07-01T15:06:00.001-07:00

"Mary Lennox is the daughter of rich British colonists of India. She is a spoiled brat who doesn't know what caring means. When her parents die of cholera, ten-year-old Mary is sent to live in her uncle mansion Misselthwaite Manor. Her uncle, Archibald Craven, lost his wife and can't stop mourning her. He left control of his house to his brother.
To Mary's surprise, she isn't waited on hand and foot, but sent outside to go play in the gardens. There, she finds a boy named Dickson who's followed around by kind animals, a friendly robin and a garden hidden behind a wall. As she starts to care about people other than herself,
The garden, once Archibald Craven's wife's, starts to come alive around her for the first time since the wife died. When she finds a boy named Colin, who turns out to be her cousin, he's a spoiled brat, like Mary was in India, sick with delusions that he's too ill to live. Mary and Dickson decide to take him into the "Secret Garden" to make him glad to be alive. "

Characteristics of Mental Phenomena:-

2009-07-01T15:05:00.000-07:00

At the end of our journey it is time to return to the question from which we set out, namely: What is it that characterizes mind as opposed to matter? Or, to state the same question in other terms: How is psychology to be distinguished from physics? The answer provisionally suggested at the outset of our inquiry was that psychology and physics are distinguished by the nature of their causal laws, not by their subject matter. At the same time we held that there is a certain subject matter, namely images, to which only psychological causal laws are applicable; this subject matter, therefore, we assigned exclusively to psychology. But we found no way of defining images except through their causation; in their intrinsic character they appeared to have no universal mark by which they could be distinguished from sensations.
In this last lecture I propose to pass in review various suggested methods of distinguishing mind from matter. I shall then briefly sketch the nature of that fundamental science which I believe to be the true metaphysic, in which mind and matter alike are seen to be constructed out of a neutral stuff, whose causal laws have no such duality as that of psychology, but form the basis upon which both physics and psychology are built.
In search for the definition of "mental phenomena," let us begin with "consciousness," which is often thought to be the essence of mind. In the first lecture I gave various arguments against the view that consciousness is fundamental, but I did not attempt to say what consciousness is. We must find a definition of it, if we are to feel secure in deciding that it is not fundamental. It is for the sake of the proof that it is not fundamental that we must now endeavour to decide what it is.
"Consciousness," by those who regard it as fundamental, is taken to be a character diffused throughout our mental life, distinct from sensations and images, memories, beliefs and desires, but present in all of them.* Dr. Henry Head, in an article which I quoted in Lecture III, distinguishing sensations from purely physiological occurrences, says: "Sensation, in the strict sense of the term, demands the existence of consciousness." This statement, at first sight, is one to which we feel inclined to assent, but I believe we are mistaken if we do so. Sensation is the sort of thing of which we MAY be conscious, but not a thing of which we MUST be conscious. We have been led, in the course of our inquiry, to admit unconscious beliefs and unconscious desires. There is, so far as I can see, no class of mental or other occurrences of which we are always conscious whenever they happen.

Emotions and Will:-

2009-07-01T15:04:00.002-07:00

On the two subjects of the present lecture I have nothing original to say, and I am treating them only in order to complete the discussion of my main thesis, namely that all psychic phenomena are built up out of sensations and images alone.
Emotions are traditionally regarded by psychologists as a separate class of mental occurrences: I am, of course, not concerned to deny the obvious fact that they have characteristics which make a special investigation of them necessary. What I am concerned with is the analysis of emotions. It is clear that an emotion is essentially complex, and we have to inquire whether it ever contains any non-physiological material not reducible to sensations and images and their relations.
Although what specially concerns us is the analysis of emotions, we shall find that the more important topic is the physiological causation of emotions. This is a subject upon which much valuable and exceedingly interesting work has been done, whereas the bare analysis of emotions has proved somewhat barren. In view of the fact that we have defined perceptions, sensations, and images by their physiological causation, it is evident that our problem of the analysis of the emotions is bound up with the problem of their physiological causation.